Donald Trump's Family: His Kids, Grandkids, Wives and More

President-elect Donald Trump's family consists of real estate moguls, entertainment personalities, business magnates and politicians. The father of five (by three marriages) and grandfather of eight is best known as a business leader and former host of NBC's The Apprentice and The Celebrity Apprentice. In November 2016, after a bitter campaign against former secretary of state Hillary Clinton, Trump was elected the 45th POTUS. Scroll down to see his family through the years.

Donald Jr., Ivanka, Eric and Tiffany Trump

Donald shares three children with his ex-wife Ivana Trump: Donald Jr., Ivanka and Eric, all of whom played major roles in his 2016 presidential campaign. The three eldest offspring serve as the executive vice presidents at the Trump Organization, a New York–based conglomerate of Donald's many business ventures. All three children also previously served as advisers and boardroom judges on The Apprentice. Tiffany Trump is Donald's only child with ex-wife Marla Maples.

Donald, Barron and Melania Trump

The businessman is also the father of Barron, his youngest child, with current wife Melania Trump. Barron attends Columbia Grammar and Preparatory School on Manhattan's Upper West Side. When Donald moves into the White House, Barron is expected to remain in the Big Apple with Melania so that his schooling will not be interrupted.

Donald Jr. and Vanessa Trump

Donald Jr. married model Vanessa Trump (née Haydon) in November 2005 at his father's Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Florida. The couple share five children: Kai, Donald III, Tristan, Spencer and Chloe.

Ivanka Trump and Jared Kushner

Ivanka, a former model and founder of the Ivanka Trump Collection fashion brand, married businessman Jared Kushner in October 2009. They share three children: Arabella, Joseph and Theodore. The couple, both together and separately, campaigned heavily for Donald ahead of Election Day 2016, often traveling to rallies and events in support of the Republican candidate. Kushner has since become one of Donald's close confidants and an adviser on his transition team.

Eric Trump and Lara Yunaska

Eric is the founder of the Eric Trump Foundation, which raises money for terminally ill children and cancer patients at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and the owner of the award-winning Trump Winery. In November 2014, he married Lara Yunaska, an associate producer for CBS' Inside Edition, at Mar-a-Lago.

Melania and Donald Trump

Donald married Melania Trump (née Knavs) at a star-studded wedding ceremony in Palm Beach in January 2005. Born in Slovenia, the former model moved to New York in 1996 and became a U.S. citizen in 2006, the same year she and Donald welcomed Barron. The future first lady played a controversial role in her husband's presidential campaign. In July 2016, she sparked plagiarism claims when she gave a now-infamous speech at the Republican National Convention that contained a paragraph that was nearly identical to one from Michelle Obama's 2008 Democratic National Convention address. She has stated that fighting cyberbullying will be a priority for her as FLOTUS, despite Donald's controversial, and often offensive, Twitter posts.

Marla Maples and Tiffany Trump

Actress and model Maples had an affair with Donald while he was still married to first wife Ivana. In October 1993, two months before they tied the knot at the Plaza Hotel in New York, the couple welcomed daughter Tiffany. Maples and Donald split in 1997 and divorced in 1999. Maples reemerged in the spotlight in 2016 as she competed on season 22 ofDancing With the Stars with partner Tony Dovolani before finishing in 10th place.

Ivana, Donald Jr. and Ivanka Trump

Ivana married Donald in April 1977 and later gave birth to three children, Donald Jr., Ivanka and Eric. Before the couple's 1992 divorce, the former model, who was born in the region then known as Czechoslovakia, became a fixture in NYC's social scene and worked as an interior design consultant for her husband's company. She later married Riccardo Mazzucchelli and Rossano Rubicondi, but both of those unions also ended in divorce.

Maryanne Trump Barry

Donald's older sister Maryanne Trump Barry is a senior judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. President Bill Clinton nominated Maryanne, a Republican, in June 1999. Five years later, Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor presented the judge with a Seton Hall University School of Law award given to women who excel in public service.

Donald, Ivana, Mary Anne and Fred Trump

Donald and Maryanne are two of five children born to the late Fred and Mary Trump. Their other siblings are Fred Jr., Elizabeth and Robert; Fred Jr. died of alcoholism in 1981. Like Donald, Fred Sr. was a real estate mogul prior to his June 1999 death.

14 Real Wedding Moments That Will Make It A December To Remember

"The lovely Christina and Suz.

"PURE. FREAKING. JOY. We are so excited for Kelly and Drew, and so thankful to have been able to share such an amazing day with them

"Lauren and Kevin had a beautiful winter wonderland wedding in the rain at Chateau Cocomar in Houston, Texas.

After 20 years together to the day, Chip and John married Saturday at Trees Atlanta

Had so much fun with Mirim and Jun

"Jill and Kevin were married this Saturday at Pilgram Lutheran Church in Columbia, South Carolina with a reception at the River Road and Jasmine Houses." -

"Congrats to Chris and Ingrid who decided to tie the knot on Dec. 3 in Tallahassee, Florida." 

Reid and Anthony celebrated their big day downtown at the Ohio Statehouse in Columbus, Ohio!

While capturing Sara and her wedding dress, her stepdaughter got on the bed, wrapped herself inside of the dress and just cuddled in it. The looks on both of their faces were amazing! Moments like these are what we strive for as photographers." 

Craig and Georgia celebrated their love in a magical Harry Potter wedding at The Ellington in South Australia.

"Jackie and Derek married in Chicago on Saturday

“Lisa and Chase’s wedding ceremony and reception was held at Riverbend Event Center in Fayetteville, Tennessee.

"We loved the quiet and the intimacy of Christa and Jason's private first dance following their waterfront Puerto Rico wedding.  Congratulations to the happy couple!" -- Ashley Wright, Puerto Rico Destination Weddings

Wrapped up my 2016 wedding season with these two beautiful souls.

amy jackson bikini

photo shoot

PUPPY STIYLE

PITTA '

INTRODUCTION TO  ' PITTA '

Pitta is one among tridoshas of the body. The wide concept of pitta e can be represented by 3 root tap. i.e.
a) Tap Santape: heat Separating.
In modern concept tap Santape can be compared with cellular metabolism, producing body temperature.
b) Tap dahe: Burning of nutrition consumed Maybe all the enzymes, digestive juice
And secretion in digestion.
c) Tap aiswarya: The factors which make one achieve 8 kinds of benefits.


DEFINITION OF PITTA

Pitta is what which do pachana karma.


Pitta and Agni
All matter in the universe made of panchabhootas. But naming is on the basis the predominant bhoota. So thejo bhootha (Agni) represents the pitta.


Since this Agni is continuously working inside the body, it is called antaragni (Internal fire). With the increase of pitta, the Agni becomes Tikshnagni, which quickly digest large quantities of food very quickly.





GUNAS (properties) of Pitta

As we told earlier Pitta has a predominance of Agnibhoota and their characters are associated with the properties of Agni.
1. Aushnyam (Warmness):- Warmness of the body is due to pitta & its Agni bhootha predominance. In cellular metabolism heat is released as a bye-product which can be compared with this.
2. Taikshnyam (Intensity):- This is the property of agneya dravya. This makes the pitta purusha tejaswi, krodhi & parabrahmi. They are unable to face sorrows. This can be compared with enzymes like lyzozyme which are extremely reactive, also immunological reactions.
3. Dravatvam (Fluidity):- Pitta has preponderance of Ap-bhoota. Hence pitta has Dravatvam. This Dravatvam causes the softening of the skin.
4. Saratvam (The property of flowing):- Pitta has got flowing property because of its dravatva guna.
5. Laghutvam (Lightness):- Due to the prominence of agni-bhoota, the pitta is light in action.
6. Sasneham/Raukshyam:- Sasneha guna of pitta is due to Ap & Pritvi bhootas. Raukshya guna of pitta was described by Susrutha.
7. Vaishadyam (Non-sticky):- This property was mentioned by Susrutha. Due to this property, pitta does aharapaka and dhatupaka.
8. Puti/Visragandhata (Fleshy smell):- This visragandha is seen in rakta and astava which are the seats of pitta.
9. Kadu-Tikta rasa (Pungent and bitter taste):- According to panchabhautik utpatti of rasas kadu-tikta rasas have the predominance of tejas, vayu and akasa which are also predominant in pitta. Hence these rasas increases pitta. During vidahda the rasa changes to amla.
10. Peeta varnatvam (Yellowish color):- Agni-bhoota’s natural color is peeta. Hence pitta is peeta in color. Hence the skin & nails of pitta purusha is yellow.
11. Satvagunatvam:- Pitta has importance of satvaguna. Hence Sharangadara mentioned pitta is satvagunottaram. This is why pitta purusha is highly intelligent.






STHANAS OF PITTA (Seats of Pitta)

Doshas are present in every cell of the body, but in some special places They found abundantly. Pitta is seen Predominantly in an area between umbilicus, Sweat, amashaya, lymph, blood, eyes and skin are seats of pitta. Pitta is predominant During middle age, midday, midnight and middle stage of digestion of food .




DIFFERENT STATES OF PITTA.

In general all doshas have different states : chaya ,prakopa & prasama.

Chaya (Sanchaya):- Is defined as increase of doshas in its own seats. Such a condition produces aversion to the factors which were the cause of increase and desire for the factors which have qualities opposite of those of dosha. Tikshna associated with ritu cause chaya of pitta. Pitta undergo chaya in varsha ritu.

Prakopa:- It is New movement of increased dosha even to the seats of other doshas. Such a condition causes manifestation of its own abnormal symptoms, loss of health & occurrence of diseases. Tikshna associated with ushna cause prakopa of pitta. Pitta undergo prakopa in sharat ritu.

Prasama:- It is the presence of doshas in their normal condition; in their on place giving rise to diseases. Manda associated with ritu causes Pitta prasama. Pitta undergoe prakopa in hemanta ritu.






KARMAS (Functions) OF PITTA

Like vata and kapha, pitta do normal and abnormal functions in the body. When the karmas are normal they sustain the body and when they are abnormal (Vridhi/Kshaya) they destroy the body by producing diseases.

 

PITTAJA VIKARAS(Disorders produced by pitta)

Pitta which has increased residing in the twak produces small pox & chicken pox; residing in rakta it produces herpes & burning sensation in the muscles, it causes ulcers & purification, in the fat tissue it causes burning sensation, tumours, excess perspiration & thirst, in the bone it causes severe burning sensation in them, in the bone marrow it causes yellow coloration of the eyes & nails, residing in the reproductive tissue it imparts bad smell and yellowish color to it, invading in veins it produces angry mind & irrelevant talk, occupying the snayers it causes thirst, residing in the alimentary tract it produces toxicity, thirst, burning sensation & many other ailments.
The diseases produced by pitta are osha, plosha, dava, davathu, vidaha, antardaha, burning sensation in the skin in the shoulders, feeling of movement of hot fumes, feeling of sourness of belching, increase of body temperature, excess of perspiration, foul smell of the body, weakness of the organs, increase of moisture on the blood & in the muscles, putrefaction of skin, muscles, cracks in the skin, appearance of red colored rashes, boils & patches, bleeding disease, green, yellow or blue discoloration tumor in the axilla, jaundice, bitter taste in mouth, smell of iron in the mouth, bad smell in the mouth, severe thirst, lack of contentment, ulcers in the mouth, throat, eyes, rectum and urethra, fear of death, entering into darkness (Coma), greenish & yellowish discoloration of the eyes, urine and faeces.


PITTA UPAKRAMAS( Treatment for pitta):-

The treatment for pitta are drinking of ghee, mild purgations with drugswhich are sweet, bitter and astringent taste, use of food with this qualities, use of scent which are mild, pleasant, cold and the agreeable, comfortable touch by woman who are liked weariang garlands of pearls, gems, diamonds, stones etc, remaining inside a room the floors,doors, windows and walls of which are being frequently sprayed with water. Music company of friends who are umrestrained,……….., ghee, milk, purgations, all kinds of cold comfort and greeshmacharya are to be made use of specially.

PITTA PRAKRUTI PURUSHA


Pitta is fire itself as born from fire, hence persons having predominance of pitta, have very thirst and hunger, are white and warm in body, possess coppery red palms, soles and face; are brave and proud, have brown & scanty hairs are found of woman, garland, perfumeries ; are of good behaviour, clean, affectionate to dependents, desirous of gandeoue, adventurous have mental power of facing fear & enemity; highly intelligent, possess very loose lean joints & muscles, do not like woman, possess less of semen and sexual desire, possess grey hair, ringles and blue patches on the skin, consumes food which is sweet, astringent, bitter and cold, hates sunlight and heat, perspire heavily, emit bad smell from the body, expel faeces frequently, have more anger, eating and drinking jealously; while in sleep dream of flowers of karnikara and palasa, forest fire, meteors, lightening, thunderbolt, bright sunrays and fire, their eyes are smwll brown, steady with thin and few eyelashes; eyes desirous of cold comfort, becoming red, very quick by anger, drinking wine and exposure to sunlight. Persons of pitta prakruthi are of medium life span and medium strength, highly learned, afraid of discomfort and resembles in behaviour animals like tiger, deer, ape, cat and yaksha.

CONCLUSION

Pitta is the internal fire. It maintains the normal state of other doshas. Pitta is satvagunottaram. It gives intelligence, memory, discriminating power etc. Pitta in manas gives mental power, in skin gives lusture ,in eyes give visual sensation. It forms blood, it regulates body temperature, it digests food. In general all functions of body depends on pitta. Hence it has to be maintained in normal state.

Ayurveda Treatment

Ayurveda Treatment 

Role of Yavasarshpadi churna dhupan (as antimicrobial and anti-fungal agent) In operation theater sterilization.

Introduction:

Dhupan karma is one of the classical ancient remedy of sterilization to maintain healthy biological environment all over the world. It is essential to maintain good asepsis to do various karmas. Kashyap Samhita have mentioned 40 dhupan yoga in dhup kalapadhyay; Sushrutacharya mentioned dhupan karma of Shalya karma mandir in Vranitopasaniya adhyay ,while Charakacharya mentioned dhupan of vastras and vranitagar in Jatasutriya sharir adhyay .

Dalhana explained procedure of sterilization in Sushrut Chikitsasthan. Before surgery Shalyakarma mandir must be fumigated or disinfected to avoid infections. The source of most hospital epidemics is infected patients i.e. patients contaminated with pathogenic organisms. These microorganisms are often released into environment in very high numbers, exceeding the minimal infective dose & contaminate others who subsequently develop hospital acquired infections. Yavasarshapadi churna dhup yog was used as antimicrobial and antifungal agent and its effect was compared with action of formalin gas fumigation on four specific groups of microorganisms which are highly responsible for creating fatal sepsis in operative theatres. Formalin gas fumigation has been proven to cause irritation to the mucus membrane affecting nose, eyes, lungs and can lead to asphyxia and carcinoma of the lungs. It is also responsible for abortions. So, Yavasarshapadi churna dhup yog² herbomineral compound which is equally effective and can be used instead of formalin fumigation for operation theatre sterilization.

MATERIAL :

1.     Yavasarshapadi dhoopa yoga

2.     Two planned scale down models prepared by wooden box (size=2ft x 2 ft x1 ft) of 1/10^th of the size of operation theatre no. 1 of our institute i.e.3200sq ft.

3.     Specially designed Dhupan yantra

4.     Yavasarshapadi churna =8gm

5.     Goghrut = 8 gm

6.     Formalin = 6ml

7.     KMnO₄ = 2 g

8.     Species of staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeurigenosa, Ecoli, Candida albicans

9.     Dry distillation apparatus.

10.                        T.L.C. Machine.

11.                        The aceutof GCV JMST100GCV machine.

12.                        Nutrient , mac conkey and SDA agar Culture medias’

Method of preparation of dhupa yog :

All the drugs were identified, standardised and authentified.

Following are the 14 constituent Dhupana yoga as mentioned by Charak-

Charak has not mentioned the exact amount of each drug to be taken so by using following reference of sharangadhar samhita,

Ingredients	Quantity
Yava churna	600mg.
Sarshapa churna	600mg.
Atasi churna	600mg.
Hingu churna	600mg.
Guggulu	600mg.
Vacha churna	600mg.
Choraka churna	600mg.
Bramhi churna	600mg.
Golomi churna	600mg.
Jatamansi churna	600mg.
Lakh churna	600mg.
Kutaki churna	600mg.
Sarpanirmok churna	600mg.
Ghrut	8gm.

1) Raw material needed to prepare Yavasarshapadi churna i.e. YavaSarshapa, Atasi, Hingu, Guggulu, Vacha, Choraka, Bramhi, Jatamansi, Laksha, Kutaki, Sarpanirmok, Ghrut were collected.

2) All the above substances were taken in equal amount.

3) Churnas were prepared. These churnas (powders) were mixed thoroughly with the help of mortal and pistal i.e.Khalva Yantra.

4) Above mixture of churnas was mixed together and Yava-sarshapadi choorna was prepared and stored in plastic containers kept at room temperature in dry place.

5) Amount of dravyas in dhupa yoga and duration of Dhupana karma was not mentioned in Samhita grantha.

Method of fumigation with both dhup yog and formalin gas:

6) With the reference mentioned in plant pathology; material taken in equal quantity of dhupana drvya with respect to combination of formalin (6ml) + KMnO4(2gm) for fumigation( fumigation quantity=2ml/cuft) to study their action comparatively. 

7) Hence it was decided to give Dhupana to scale down model of Vranitagara with 8gm of Yava-sarshapadi churna with equal quantity of goghrut for 30 mins.(as whole Churna completely burnt out in 30 mins observed in pilot study) and chamber was kept remain closed for next 4 hours.

 Efficacy of Yavasarshapadi dhupan yoga on given species of microorganisms was evaluated with 24 experimental cycles and an attempt was done to prove its action on these microorganisms with the help of thin layer chromatography along with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.

Results and Discussion :

COMPARATIVE STATISTICAL STUDY OF TWO GROUP

A = DHUPAN B= GAS FUMIGATION

No.	Organisms	Group		Mean	S.D.	S.E.	t value	P value	Remark
1	STAPHYLOCOCC US AUREUS	A	B.T.	644.91	438.50	89.508	6.909	< 0.0001	Extremely Significant
			A.T.	111.70	100.63	20.541
		B	B.T.	644.91	438.50	89.508	5.736	< 0.0001	Extremely Significant
			A.T.	273.04	23.04	41.44
2	PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA	A	B.T.	825.125	421.42	86.022	8.80	< 0.0001	Extremely Significant
			A.T.	174.58	131.13	26.76
		B	B.T.	825.125	421.42	86.022	6.733	< 0.0001	Extremely Significant
			A.T.	350.70	246.10	50.23
3	CANDIDA ALBICANS	A	B.T.	101.667	75.566	15.425	5.86	< 0.0001	Extremely Significant
			A.T.	7.916	9.315	1.901
		B	B.T.	101.667	75.566	15.425	4.689	< 0.0001	Extremely Significant
			A.T.	28.166	19.016	3.882
4	E-COLI	A	B.T.	2083.083	1348.3	275.23	3.995	< 0.0001	Extremely Significant
			A.T.	913.416	642.28	131.11
		B	B.T.	2083.083	1348.3	275.23	2.666	< 0.0001	Significant
			A.T.	1455.87	905.96	184.93

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS TABLE

1.     Effect of Dhupan on STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

	Mean	S.D.	S.E.	t value	P value	Remark
B.T	644.91	438.50	89.508	6.909	< 0.0001	Extremely Significant
A.T.	111.70	100.63	20.541

Since P value is less than 0.0001, we reject Ho. Hence the Dhupan is significantly effective on this Staphyalococcus Aureus.

Effect of Fumigation on STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

	Mean	S.D.	S.E.	t value	P value	Remark
B.T	644.91	438.50	89.508	5.736	< 0.0001	Extremely Significant
A.T.	273.04	203.04	41.44

Since P value is less than 0.0001, we reject Ho. Hence Fumigation is significantly effective on this Staphylococcus Aureus.

2.     Effect of Dhupan on PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

	Mean	S.D.	S.E.	t value	P value	Remark
B.T	825.125	421.42	86.022	8.80	< 0.0001	Extremely Significant
A.T.	174.58	131.13	26.76

Since P value is less than 0.0001, we reject Ho. Hence Dhupan is significantly effective on this Pseudomonas Aeruginosa.

Effect of Fumigation on PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

	Mean	S.D.	S.E.	t value	P value	Remark
B.T	825.125	421.42	86.022	6.733	< 0.0001	Extremely Significant
A.T.	350.70	246.10	50.23

Since P value is less than 0.0001, we reject Ho. Hence the Fumigation is significantly effective on this Pseudomonas Aeruginosa.

3.     Effect of Dhupan on CANDIDA ALBICANS

	Mean	S.D.	S.E.	t value	P value	Remark
B.T	101.667	75.566	15.425	5.86	< 0.0001	Extremely Significant
A.T.	7.916	9.315	1.901

Since P value is less than 0.0001, we reject Ho. Hence, Dhupan is significantly effective on Candida Albicans.

Effect of Fumigation on CANDIDA ALBICANS

	Mean	S.D.	S.E.	t value	P value	Remark
B.T	101.667	75.566	15.425	4.689	< 0.0001	Extremely Significant
A.T.	28.166	19.016	3.882

Since P value is less than 0.0001, we reject Ho. Hence, Dhupan is significantly effective on Candida Albicans.

4.     Effect of Dhupan on E-Coli

	Mean	S.D.	S.E.	t value	P value	Remark
B.T	2083.083	1348.3	275.23	3.995	< 0.0001	Extremely Significant
A.T.	913.416	642.28	131.11

Since P value is less than 0.0001, we reject Ho. Hence,Dhupan is significantly effective on E-Coli.

Effect of Fumigation on E-Coli

	Mean	S.D.	S.E.	t value	P value	Remark
B.T	2083.083	1348.3	275.23	2.666	< 0.0001	Significant
A.T.	1455.87	905.96	184.93

Since P value is less than 0.0001, we reject Ho. Hence, Fumigation is significantly effective on E-Coli.

From the above results growth of microorganisms of staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans was found to be extremely significant in both the groups while in case of E coli, result observed after dhupan was found to be extremely significant as compared to formalin gas fumigation.

In this study, the trial was conducted on four species of microorganisms staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, candida albicans & Ecoli; divided in two groups. The microorganisms were selected for 24 experimental cycles. Their colony count was done before and after dhupan and fumigation. Yavasarshapadi churna dhupa yoga was found to be equally effective as compared to formalin gas fumigation. Yava-sarshapadi Dhupan yoga for the fumigation of scale down model of Vranitagara was selected for the present study by considering its significance mentioned in Ayurvedic texts. Dhupana should be done for Arishtagara Vastra, Shayya, Asanadi of Bala to avoid Neonatal sepsis.³

Effectivity of dhupana:It has been observed from the results derived from all 24 cycles of experiments that action of dhupan yoga was approximately similar to that of formalin gas fumigation in case of 3 species i.e. staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa and candida albicans. But amongst these experiments i found thatdhupan yoga showed marked effect on growth of e coli as compared to formalin gas fumigation. Hence, considering all the parameters it was proved that Yavasarshapadi churnadhupa yoga was efficient to reduce the growth of 4 species of microorganisms i.e.staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ecoli and candida albicans on planned scale down model of the vranitagara.

Probable mode of action of Yavasarshapadi churna Dhupa Yoga:

The mode of action of Yavasarshapadi dhupa yoga was probably due to Agni sanmskar on dhupa dravya were used for dhupan karma. Dhupa dravya has Vayu, Akash andAgni Mahabhootadhikya. Sukshmastrotogamitva attained owing to the combination of these mahabhootas. So, the sterilization property of drugs is maintained in every corners and at microbiological level.¹

Action of indigenous drugs :

Yava, sarshapa, Atasi, Hingu, Guggulu,Vacha,Choraka,Bramhi, kutaki are mentioned to be krumighna in Samitas and Nighantus. Ghrut is essential for combustion of all the constituents.Sarpanirmok is mentioned in Kashyap Samhita Dhupakalpa Adhyaya four times as Rakshoghna.Laksa is also mentioned in Kashyap Samhita in twoDhupa kalpas as Rakshogna karma. ^3,5,6

Action of drug in accordance to modern perspective: 

 26 volatile constituents were found after Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry study and some of them found to have microbiocidal and fugicidal action over the four species which i had taken under the study.

I referred literature of individual constituents, some of them were appeared to be presented in a raw material of my herbs and they were likely to come in the atmosphere when separated during dhupan process.

Out of 26 volatile constituents some of them were found to be present in the drugs of my dhupan yoga which are listed below,

Decyl, trifluoracetate has fungicidal and microbiocidal action. Dodecane which was found to be present in a drugs belonging to family vulgare from which yava belongs, likely to have fungicidal and antimicrobial activity.Hexacosyl trichloroacetate has antimicrobial action.Hepatocosyl trifluoroacetate which is effective against candida albicans, e coli, psalmonella species.Oxirane (oxacyclopropanes), 2 butyl,3 methyl cis and pthalic acids (pthalides) found in choraka proven as a good fungicide and bactericide.Phenol, 2,4 bis (1,1 dimethylethyl) found in kutaki also has the same action.Pentanoic acid is a good antimicrobial and antifungal agent.Hexadecane , nonadecane, hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, Pentadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid most likely found in drugs belong to the family vulgare.3 chlorpropionic acid is most likely found in shweta durva. Mustard oil is potent mutagenic, so it might act as genetic modulator in microbes.So no such study has been conducted and it is further scope of research.Linseed oil have antimicrobial activity obtained from seeds of Atasi. Volatile oil from roots of Vacha inhibited the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a concentration of 10 mcg/ml. Ethanolic extract of Bacopa monnieri antibacterial activity seen in more effective in Gram –ve bacteria.The aqueous extract of bramhi showed moderate antibacterial activity against Staph. Aureus and Salmonela typhi, and marked inhibition against Esch.Coli. Volatile oils from roots of Acorus calamus Linn. inhibited the growth of gram-vegative organisms.Volatile oils from gum-resin of Guggulu shows antibacterial activity.The aqueous extract showed moderate antibacterial activity against Staph. Aureus and Salmonela typhi, and marked inhibition against Esch. Coli.

Conclusion:

One of the mechanisms of action was explored in the current study to find out volatile constituents in the atmosphere which were responsible for antimicrobial and antifungal action on the microorganisms.

• Temperature was noted and observed to remain constant at 39⁰c .
• Amount of dhupan dravya ( by weight ) required to fumigate scale down model of vranitagara (whose dimension was 1/10^th of hospital OT no. 1 dimension i.e. 3200 cu ft) was 8 grams for every cycle of dhupan.
• It has been proved that Dhupan given for 30 minutes a day followed by keeping the scale down model of vranitagar of size 2x2x1cu ft. enclosed for 4 hours was effective to reduce load of microorganisms.
• Amount of dhupan dravya (by weight) was taken as 8 grams with equal quantity of goghrut which was taken as per the mentioned fumigation quantity required for formalin gas fumigation.
• As the global scenario is now changing towards the use of non toxic herbomineral drugs over synthetically derived chemical compounds for sterilization, development of Ayurvedic formulations like Yavasarshap dhup yog should be emphasized to prevent and control of peri and intra operative sepsis. In fact, time has come to use Indian Traditional knowledge through modern approaches of development of fumigation as per ancient classics of Dhupan karma.